Abstract: Thrombocytopenia is one of the common complications after liver transplantation, with pathophysiological mechanisms including insufficient platelet production and increased platelet consumption, which severely affects the prognosis of liver transplant recipients. Various factors such as preoperative hepatitis virus infection, intraoperative ischemic injury, and postoperative use of immunosuppressive drugs may lead to thrombocytopenia after liver transplantation. Early detection and effective treatment of thrombocytopenia after liver transplantation are currently hot topics of research. Based on the existing literature, this article reviews the definition, pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, treatment, and prevention of thrombocytopenia, and discusses the occurrence and development of thrombocytopenia after liver transplantation and related diagnosis and treatment strategies, aiming to optimize the existing treatment opinions, reduce the risk of thrombocytopenia after transplantation and improve the prognosis of liver transplant recipients.