Effect of irregular follow-up during normalized prevention and control of epidemic on viral load upon BK virus reactivation and prognosis of kidney transplant recipients
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摘要:目的 探讨在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情常态化防控期间不规律随访对肾移植受者术后BK病毒(BKV)再激活情况及预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析363例肾移植受者的临床资料,按随访时间分为疫情前随访组与疫情期间随访组,随访期限为1年。比较疫情前随访组和疫情期间随访组的随访时间间隔,分析两组BKV感染情况,分析BKV感染进程与移植肾功能的相关性。结果 疫情前随访共计1 790例次,疫情期间随访共计2 680例次。与疫情期间随访组比较,疫情前随访组术后3个月内、3~6个月、7~12个月的随访时间间隔较短,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。在肾移植术后1年内,疫情前随访组35例(32%)检出BKV尿症、3例(3%)检出BKV血症、1例(1%)检出BKV相关肾病(BKVAN),疫情期间随访组53例(25%)检出BKV尿症、3例(1%)检出BKV血症、1例(1%)检出BKVAN,差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。疫情前随访组术后首次检出BKV尿症时间长于疫情期间随访组,首次再激活尿BKV载量小于疫情期间随访组,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。首次再激活尿BKV载量与尿BKV载量峰值,BKV再激活后第1、3个月血清肌酐与基线血清肌酐差值呈正相关(均为P<0.05)。结论 肾移植术后不规律随访可导致BKV再激活时间提前、首次尿BKV载量检出值更高,以及延迟诊断和干预,并造成不良预后。亟待建立远程随访体系以满足发生公共卫生事件时肾移植受者的随访需求。Abstract:Objective To evaluate the effect of irregular follow-up during normalized prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) epidemic on BK virus (BKV) reactivation and clinical prognosis of kidney transplant recipients.Methods Clinical data of 363 kidney transplant recipients were retrospectively analyzed, and they were divided into the pre-epidemic follow-up group and during-epidemic follow-up group according to the follow-up time. All patients were followed up for 1 year. The follow-up interval was compared between two groups. The infection of BKV and the correlation between the infection process of BKV and renal graft function were analyzed in two groups.Results A total of 1 790 preson-times were followed up before COVID-19 epidemic and 2 680 during COVID-19 epidemic. Compared with the during-epidemic follow-up group, the follow-up intervals within 3, 3-6 and 7-12 months after kidney transplantation were shorter in the pre-epidemic follow-up group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Within 1 year after kidney transplantation, 35 cases(32%) were diagnosed with BKV viruria, 3 cases(3%) of BKV viremia and 1 case(1%) of BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) in the pre-epidemic follow-up group, and 53(25%), 3(1%) and 1(1%) in the during-epidemic follow-up group, with no statistical significance (all P>0.05). In the pre-epidemic follow-up group, the time for the initial diagnosis of BKV viruria was longer and the viral load of the first urinary BKV reactivation was smaller than those in the during-epidemic follow-up group, with statistical significance (both P<0.05). The load of the first urinary BKV reactivation was positively correlated with the peak load of urinary BKV, and the differences between the baseline and serum creatinine levels at 1 and 3 months after BKV reactivation (all P<0.05).Conclusions Irregular follow-up after kidney transplantation may lead to early BKV reactivation and higher detection value of the first viral load of urinary BKV, delay diagnosis and interventions, and lead to poor prognosis. It is urgent to establish a remote follow-up system to meet the follow-up requirements of kidney transplant recipients when public health incidents occur.
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BK病毒(BK virus,BKV)属多瘤病毒科多瘤病毒属,全世界70%以上的普通人群有感染过BK病毒的血清学证据[1-3]。BKV感染通常发生在儿童时期,但健康人群没有特定的症状[4-6]。BKV在原发感染后潜伏在肾小管及尿路上皮细胞中,当宿主免疫功能低下时,可导致BKV再激活[1,4,7-8]。BKV相关肾病(BKV-associated nephropathy,BKVAN)是肾移植受者中BKV再激活引起的严重并发症之一,发生在1%~10%的肾移植受者中,是导致移植物失功的重要原因[9-14]。早期发现病毒复制对于预防BKVAN至关重要,建议所有肾移植受者应定期筛查尿液或血浆中BKV复制水平,以确定BKVAN风险增加的受者[14-16]。自2020年初新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发以来,疫情常态化防控机制可能影响肾移植受者的随访规律,给术后随访管理工作带来全新的挑战。本文通过对比疫情发生前后肾移植受者的随访和临床资料,分析疫情常态化防控对BKV相关疾病的预防以及全程管理的影响,为今后可能发生的类似公共卫生事件提供经验和参考。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
回顾性收集南方医科大学南方医院2017年1月至2021年12月行肾移植术且术后规律随访1年以上的受者,根据纳入和排除标准,最终纳入363例,其中男245例,女118例,年龄(43±13)岁。
排除标准:(1)手术时年龄>70岁;(2)术前群体反应性抗体(panel reactive antibody,PRA)阳性;(3)术前或术后2周内BKV阳性;(4)非首次肾移植或多器官联合移植;(5)术后1年内移植肾失功。本研究经南方医科大学南方医院伦理委员会批准(批号:NFEC-2020-044)。
1.2 BKV感染的监测
通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)检测受者尿液、血液的BKV载量水平,可快速有效了解感染情况及进行病毒载量监控[17-18]。本中心检测受者尿液和外周血中BKV载量的临界值为5×103 copies/mL,当尿液或血液RT-qPCR结果高于此数值时,则认为病毒激活,即受者处于BKV尿症或BKV血症状态。诊断BKVAN的金标准仍然是移植肾活组织检查(活检),由经验丰富的病理科医师根据移植肾穿刺活检结果并结合标准化评分判定[1,18-20]。观察终点为术后满1年或BKV再激活。
1.3 分 组
将2020年1月至2023年1月视为疫情常态化防控期,以2020年1月1日为界分为疫情前随访组和疫情期间随访组。跨2020年1月1日随访的受者共48例,其中BKV再激活的阳性事件6例,此部分受者仅纳入随访间隔比较及病毒感染进程与移植肾功能的相关性分析。疫情前随访组108例,男74例,女34例,年龄(44±11)岁,99例使用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白诱导,12例发生排斥反应;疫情期间随访组207例,男136例,女71例,年龄(43±13)岁,185例使用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白诱导,26例发生排斥反应。两组一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。随访频率相关数据按随访例次计,疫情前的随访例次归于疫情前随访间隔的计算,疫情期间的随访例次归于疫情期间随访间隔的计算。
1.4 研究内容
收集受者的人口学资料、移植病史和术后随访资料。比较疫情前随访组和疫情期间随访组的随访时间间隔,分析两组BKV感染情况,分析BKV感染进程与移植肾功能的相关性。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析,近似正态分布计量资料用均数±标准差表示,比较采用t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(下四分位数,上四分位数)表示,比较采用秩和检验;计数资料以率表示,比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。采用一元线性回归分析首次再激活尿BKV载量与尿蛋白、尿白细胞、尿红细胞、血清肌酐等的关系。统计检验均采用双侧检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1 随访时间间隔的比较
疫情前随访共计1 790例次,疫情期间随访共计2 680例次。与疫情期间随访组比较,疫情前随访组术后3个月内、3~6个月、7~12个月的随访时间间隔较短,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05,表1)。
表 1 术后12个月内疫情前随访组与疫情期间随访组随访间隔的比较($\overline {\boldsymbol{x}} $±s,d)Table 1. Comparison of follow-up intervals between the pre-epidemic follow-up group and the during-epidemic follow-up group within 12 months after surgery分组 例次 术后随访间隔 3个月内 3~6个月 7~12个月 疫情前随访组 1 790 10±5 23±9 30±12 疫情期间随访组 2 680 11±6 24±10 32±16 P值 0.010 0.028 0.048 2.2 BKV感染情况分析
在肾移植术后1年内,疫情前随访组35例检出BKV尿症(32%)、3例检出BKV血症(3%)、1例检出BKVAN(1%),疫情期间随访组53例检出BKV尿症(25%)、3例检出BKV血症(1%)、1例检出BKVAN(1%),两组差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。
疫情前随访组术后首次BKV尿症检出时间为152(99,223)d,疫情期间随访组为110(70,171)d,差异有统计学意义(P=0.021)。疫情前随访组首次再激活尿BKV载量1.99×107(1.31×105,2.17×108)copies/mL,疫情期间随访组为7.38×107(2.73×106,1.41×109)copies/mL,差异有统计学意义(P=0.030)。疫情前随访组与疫情期间随访组首次再激活血BKV载量[1.12×105(8.38×104,1.94×105)copies/mL比9.37×104(1.66×104,1.90×106)copies/mL]、尿BKV载量峰值[2.91×108(4.59×106,1.33×1010)copies/mL比7.53×107(1.61×106,3.22×109)copies/mL]、血BKV载量峰值[1.12×105(8.38×104,3.42×106)copies/mL比7.09×105(9.37×104,2.72×106)copies/mL],差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。
2.3 病毒感染进程与移植肾功能的相关性分析
首次再激活尿BKV载量与尿BKV载量峰值,BKV再激活后第1、3个月血清肌酐与基线血清肌酐差值呈正相关(P<0.05,图1)。而BKV再激活后第1、3、6、9、12个月尿蛋白、尿白细胞及尿红细胞定量与首次再激活尿BKV载量的相关性无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。
3. 讨 论
肾移植受者术后需规律复查,定期评估移植肾功能、监测血药浓度和评估各类并发症的发生风险,以保证受者及移植物的长期存活。根据《中国实体器官移植受者BK病毒感染临床诊疗指南(2016版)》推荐意见,应在术后3个月内每2周检测1次尿Decoy细胞,6个月内每个月检测1次,2年内每3个月检测1次[21];2009年改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)的建议为肾移植术后3~6个月内,每个月检测1次血浆BKV定量,6~12个月内每3个月检测一次血浆BKV定量[22];2013年美国移植学会的意见为移植术后2年内每3个月检测1次病毒定量[9]。我中心实施的随访要求与上述推荐随访频率基本一致。疫情暴发和疫情常态化防控措施可使肾移植受者出行受限或主动监测意识下降,不可避免地导致随访间隔延长和规律性降低。我中心的随访人群分布较广,术后1年内的随访受影响较为明显。
在肾移植术后1年内随访期间,疫情前随访组与疫情期间随访组比较,BKV尿症检出率、BKV血症检出率差异无统计学意义,提示疫情防控措施并未直接影响BKV再激活率和检出率。但疫情期间随访组首次BKV检出时间较疫情前随访组早,首次尿BKV载量检出值较疫情前随访组更高,可能是因为肾移植术后不规律随访导致免疫抑制药浓度调节不及时,BKV再激活时间提前,诊断和干预延迟。
本研究发现首次再激活尿BKV载量与尿BKV载量峰值、BKV再激活后第1、3个月时血清肌酐升高值存在显著正相关。目前尚无针对BKV的特效抗病毒药物,降低免疫抑制强度是治疗BKV相关疾病的基本策略[4,10,23-25]。较早的干预时间和降低病毒载量是控制BKV尿症或血症、改善受者预后的关键因素[4,23,26-28]。但长时间和大幅度地降低免疫抑制强度以应对持续高载量的BKV尿症或血症也将带来更高的排斥反应风险[15,23,29-30]。因此,早期监测BKV和及时干预对于防止肾功能损伤和随后的移植物丢失至关重要[12,31-32]。目前对于BKV再激活时间的研究多为单中心研究,BKV尿症或血症发生的中位时间在2~6个月不等[1,14,33]。多中心的前瞻性研究将有助于进一步精确BKV再激活的高峰区间,指导更有效的随访和监测方案。
但本研究为单中心回顾性分析,随访数据有限,还需后续多中心、大样本及前瞻性研究明确不规律随访对BKV再激活的影响,其次,无法获取受者在当地医院随访记录以及部分受者失访可能导致结果偏差。即时检测是一种检测成本低、检测速度快、准确度高、能自我采样获得临床诊断结果的新型诊断技术,有望应用于居家或适用于基层医疗机构的BKV再激活监测。用于BKV检测的代表性方法包括有环介导等温扩增方法和便携式集成数字聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)[34-37]。其中便携式集成数字PCR仪体积小,重量轻,系统的定量结果与商用数字PCR仪的结果一致性高,可以直接从原始尿液样本中定量BKV,采用简单的“样品到数字结果”操作流程,无需复杂的核酸提取和纯化步骤,为在诸如疫情等突发公共卫生事件或居家自我检测等资源有限的环境中用于监测BKV再激活提供了一个平台[35]。然而,成熟的即时检测设备在技术研究领域与产品商业化方面仍然面临着诸多挑战,期待相关产品能够获得突破。此外,还可借助专业的第三方APP随访软件,为肾移植受者设计个体化随访方案,建立受者的个人随访数据库,并根据个体化随访要求提供随访提醒、诊疗预约等服务,并通过受者自行上传原始数据、医院信息系统数据对接等方式为医患双方提供随访数据采集服务,医师可以更加准确和及时地评估受者的病情,制定更加科学的治疗方案,同时也可以提高医疗服务的质量和效率,更好地满足受者的医疗需求[38]。
综上,肾移植术后不规律随访可直接导致BKV再激活的延迟诊断和延迟干预,并造成不可逆的移植肾功能下降等不良预后。亟待建立远程随访体系以满足公共卫生事件时肾移植受者的随访需求,改善受者和移植肾的长期存活。
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表 1 术后12个月内疫情前随访组与疫情期间随访组随访间隔的比较($\overline {\boldsymbol{x}} $±s,d)
Table 1 Comparison of follow-up intervals between the pre-epidemic follow-up group and the during-epidemic follow-up group within 12 months after surgery
分组 例次 术后随访间隔 3个月内 3~6个月 7~12个月 疫情前随访组 1 790 10±5 23±9 30±12 疫情期间随访组 2 680 11±6 24±10 32±16 P值 0.010 0.028 0.048 -
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