Abstract: Liver transplantation is the most effective method for hepatitis B-related liver failure, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) after liver transplantation is not conducive to the recovery of liver function and leads to poor clinical prognosis. The prevention and treatment of HBV reactivation is currently the focus of research by physicians and surgeons. The current viral suppression strategies can not completely eradicate HBV nor completely prevent the recurrence of HBV infection in the future. This article aims to explore the molecular mechanism of HBV reactivation after liver transplantation, in order to more effectively prevent the recurrence of hepatitis B after liver transplantation.